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A Brief History

Many people assume that women aren’t likely to die in wars, however women and civilians are the most likely group to be killed1. Historical documents from ancient times hint at the fact that sexual violence was used as a war tactic to assert dominance over the perceived weak, defeated peoples. These stories range from ancient Israel, to ancient Greece and Rome, though they are sure to have occurred globally, as violence against “others” and captured people was common action. Even Biblical texts imply as such, from Deuteronomy stating, “‘When you go out to war against your enemies...and you see among the captives a beautiful woman, and you desire to take her...you may go in to her and be her husband...But you shall not sell her for money, nor shall you treat her as a slave, since you have humiliated her’ (Deuteronomy: 21.10–14).” to Moses ordering the death of Midianite women who had slept with men, and, “’...all the young girls who have not known man by lying with him keep alive for yourselves...’” (Numbers: 31) These enslaved people often suffered sexual abuse, as they were the sole property of their masters. More examples include Deuteronomy 28: 30, stating, “’You will be pledged to be married to a woman, but another will take her and rape her.’”, also passages in Ezekiel, Isaiah, and Lamentations include lines about ravaging and raping women.2 

Still, this leaves questions as to why these instances occur, and no answer is truly good enough. Amelia Hoover Green argued that wartime violence against civilians is shaped by an armed group’s leader’s need to create soldiers capable of unhesitating violence, and the ability to control the level of violence administered by the soldiers 3. Irene Matthews argued that organized rape is used as a policy in ethnocide, violating rules and customs, spreading fear, and morally disintegrating a community. Through initiation rituals, or training techniques, newly recruited soldiers are forced to abuse captives and civilians. This seems to limit mistrust, forming bonds between the perpetrators, guaranteeing solidarity through these acts5.

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2 Vikman, Elisabeth. Ancient Origins: Sexual Violence in Warfare, Part 1. Anthropology and Medicine 12 (1): 21-31. doi:10.1080/13648470500049826. 2005

3 Hoover Green, Amelia. The Commander's Dilemma. Journal of Peace Research 53 (5): 619-32. doi: 10.1177/0022343316653645. 2016

1-5 Lorentzen, Lois Ann and Jennifer Turpin. The Women and War Reader, New York: New York University Press, 1998.

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